Effects of Testosterone and Oestrogen on Body Composition

Effect of anti-androgens on body composition in transgender people: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial

LM Angus, SY Leemaqz, JCG Doery, AS Cheung

2025-01-01

Background: Transgender people desiring feminization commonly use cyproterone acetate or spironolactone, but the optimal anti-andr..

Estradiol Concentrations and Wellbeing in Trans People Using Estradiol Hormone Therapy

A Ginger, S Zwickl, LM Angus, SY Leemaqz, T Cook, AFQ Wong, AS Cheung

2024-12-01

Purpose: In trans people undergoing feminizing hormone therapy, optimal estradiol concentrations are unclear, and anecdotally, som..

Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for the Trans, Gender Diverse, and Nonbinary Community: Coordinating World Professional Association for Transgender Health and Informed Consent Models of Care

P Solanki, D Colon-Cabrera, C Barton, P Locke, AS Cheung, C Spanos, J Grace, J Erasmus, R Lane

2023-04-01

Purpose: Before commencing gender-affirming hormone therapy, people undergo assessments through the World Professional Association..

Pelvic Pain in Transgender People Using Testosterone Therapy

S Zwickl, L Burchill, AFQ Wong, SY Leemaqz, T Cook, LM Angus, K Eshin, CV Elder, SR Grover, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2023-04-01

Purpose: This descriptive study aimed to assess the characteristics of pelvic pain and explore predictive factors for pelvic pain ..

The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review

Taylah R van Leerdam, Jeffrey D Zajac, Ada S Cheung

2023-02-01

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is an essential part of gender affirmation for many transgender (including people with bin..

The impact of the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Australian trans community

S Zwickl, LM Angus, AWF Qi, A Ginger, K Eshin, T Cook, SY Leemaqz, E Dowers, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2023-01-01

Background: Trans and gender diverse individuals (people who identify with a gender different to what was presumed for them at bir..

Effect of estradiol on cognition in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

N Russell, J Allebone, O Dandash, R Hoermann, AS Cheung, JD Zajac, DJ Handelsman, RA Kanaan, M Grossmann

2022-11-01

Objective: Roles for estradiol in modulating cognition in men remain uncertain. We assessed the isolated effects of estradiol on c..

Effects of oestradiol treatment on hot flushes in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomised placebo-controlled trial

N Russell, R Hoermann, AS Cheung, JD Zajac, M Grossmann

2022-11-01

Objective: Most men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for pro state cancer experience hot flushes. Current treatments ..

Effects of estradiol on bone in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

N Russell, A Ghasem-Zadeh, R Hoermann, AS Cheung, JD Zajac, C Shore-Lorenti, PR Ebeling, DJ Handelsman, M Grossmann

2022-08-01

Objective: In men, many effects of testosterone (T) on the skeleton are thought to be mediated by estradiol (E2), but trial eviden..

Clinical features and prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome in transgender individuals: A systematic review

B Liang, AS Cheung, BJ Nolan

2022-07-01

Objective: Previous studies have suggested a higher prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome amongst transgender individuals. We underto..

Prescription Patterns and Testosterone Concentrations Achieved With AndroForte 5% Testosterone Cream in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals

BJ Nolan, S Zwickl, P Locke, S Simpson, L Li, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2022-06-01

Background: Masculinizing hormone therapy with testosterone is used to align an individual's physical characteristics with their g..

Uncovering the effects of gender affirming hormone therapy on skeletal muscle and epigenetics: protocol for a prospective matched cohort study in transgender individuals (the GAME study)

PR Jones, S Voisin, BJ Nolan, S Landen, M Jacques, B Newell, S Zwickl, T Cook, A Wong, A Ginger, A Palmer, A Garnham, J Alvarez-Romero, N Mohandas, K Seale, A Cheung, N Eynon

2022-05-11

Introduction Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is increasingly used by transgender individuals and leads to shifts in sex ho..

Effects of low-dose oral micronised progesterone on sleep, psychological distress, and breast development in transgender individuals undergoing feminising hormone therapy: a prospective controlled study

BJ Nolan, AS Frydman, SY Leemaqz, M Carroll, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2022-05-01

Objective: The role of micronised progesterone in hormone regimens for transgender individuals undergoing feminising hormone thera..

Bone Microarchitecture in Transgender Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

I Bretherton, A Ghasem-Zadeh, SY Leemaqz, E Seeman, X Wang, T McFarlane, C Spanos, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2022-04-01

Gender-affirming hormone therapy aligns physical characteristics with an individual's gender identity, but sex hormones regulate b..

Testosterone concentrations and prescription patterns of 1% testosterone gel in transgender and gender diverse individuals

BJ Nolan, S Zwickl, AFQ Wong, P Locke, S Simpson, L Li, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2022-03-01

Background: Masculinising hormone therapy with testosterone is used to align an individual’s physical characteristics with their g..

Effects of estradiol on fat in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: A randomized trial

N Russell, R Hoermann, AS Cheung, JD Zajac, DJ Handelsman, M Grossmann

2022-01-01

Objective: Indirect evidence suggests that the effects of testosterone on fat mass in men are dependent on aromatization to estrad..

Factors associated with suicide attempts among Australian transgender adults

S Zwickl, AFQ Wong, E Dowers, SYL Leemaqz, I Bretherton, T Cook, JD Zajac, PSF Yip, AS Cheung

2021-12-01

Background: Transgender, including gender diverse and non-binary people, henceforth referred to collectively as trans people, are ..

Short-Term Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Dysphoria and Quality of Life in Transgender Individuals: A Prospective Controlled Study

L Foster Skewis, I Bretherton, SY Leemaqz, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-07-29

Background: Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), whilst considered the standard of care in clinical guidelines for the treatme..

Feminizing Hormone Therapy Prescription Patterns and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Aging Transgender Individuals in Australia

MI Balcerek, BJ Nolan, A Brownhill, P Wong, P Locke, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-07-13

Context: The safety and efficacy of feminizing hormone therapy in aging transgender (trans) individuals is unclear. Current recomm..

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A Potential Option For Non-Binary Gender-Affirming Hormonal Care?

JY Xu, MA O’Connell, L Notini, AS Cheung, S Zwickl, KC Pang

2021-06-18

Gender dysphoria describes the distress associated with having a gender identity that differs from one’s birth-assigned sex. To re..

Prevalence of polycythaemia with different formulations of testosterone therapy in transmasculine individuals

BJ Nolan, SY Leemaqz, O Ooi, P Cundill, N Silberstein, P Locke, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-06-01

Background: Masculinising hormone therapy with testosterone is used to align an individual's physical characteristics with his or ..

Relationship between Serum Estradiol Concentrations and Clinical Outcomes in Transgender Individuals Undergoing Feminizing Hormone Therapy: A Narrative Review

BJ Nolan, AS Cheung

2021-06-01

Transgender, including gender diverse and nonbinary, individuals are treated with estradiol with or without antiandrogen to align ..

A systematic review of antiandrogens and feminization in transgender women

LM Angus, BJ Nolan, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-05-01

Antiandrogens are frequently used with estradiol in transgender women seeking feminization. Antiandrogens act by various mechanism..

Efficacy of Micronized Progesterone for Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data

BJ Nolan, B Liang, AS Cheung

2021-04-01

Context: Preclinical data has shown progesterone metabolites improve sleep parameters through positive allosteric modulation of th..

Approach to interpreting common laboratory pathology tests in transgender individuals

AS Cheung, HY Lim, T Cook, S Zwickl, A Ginger, C Chiang, JD Zajac

2021-01-01

Context: As the number of transgender (trans) people (including those who are binary and/or nonbinary identified) seeking gender-a..

Insulin resistance in transgender individuals correlates with android fat mass

I Bretherton, C Spanos, SY Leemaqz, G Premaratne, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-01-01

Background: Transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) are at increased risk of adverse cardiovascu..

Persistent hypoaldosteronism post-adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism – A role for pre-operative spironolactone?

LM Angus, J Yang, AS Cheung

2021-01-01

Primary aldosteronism is one of the most common (affecting up to 10%) yet treatable causes of hypertension in our community, notab..

Refractory hypercalcaemia associated with disseminated cryptococcus neoformans infection

JJ Zhu, WJ Naughton, KH Be, N Ensor, AS Cheung

2021-01-01

Hypercalcaemia is a very common endocrine condition, yet severe hypercalcaemia as a result of fungal infection is rarely described..

The Health and Well-Being of Transgender Australians: A National Community Survey

I Bretherton, E Thrower, S Zwickl, A Wong, D Chetcuti, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-01-01

Purpose: Transgender, including gender diverse and nonbinary (trans), people experience significant health disparities. We aimed t..

The Informed Consent Model of Care for Accessing Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Is Associated With High Patient Satisfaction

C Spanos, JA Grace, SY Leemaqz, A Brownhill, P Cundill, P Locke, P Wong, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2021-01-01

Background: There are 2 common approaches to assess an individual before commencing of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT); a ..

Zoledronic acid does not affect insulin resistance in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy: a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

AS Cheung, R Hoermann, J Zhu, D Lim Joon, JD Zajac, M Grossmann

2021-01-01

Background: Animal studies suggest that undercarboxylated osteocalcin may improve insulin sensitivity via its effect on testicular..

Differing Effects of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

AS Cheung, R Hoermann, A Ghasem-Zadeh, AJ Tinson, V Ly, SV Milevski, DL Joon, JD Zajac, E Seeman, M Grossmann

2020-10-01

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) given to men with prostate cancer causes rapid and severe sex steroid deficiency, leading to in..

Non-Binary and Binary Gender Identity in Australian Trans and Gender Diverse Individuals

AS Cheung, SY Leemaqz, JWP Wong, D Chew, O Ooi, P Cundill, N Silberstein, P Locke, S Zwickl, R Grayson, JD Zajac, KC Pang

2020-10-01

Many trans and gender diverse (TGD) people have gender identities that are not exclusively male or female but instead fall in-betw..

Testosterone therapy considerations in oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptor–positive breast cancer in a transgender man

M Light, T McFarlane, A Ives, B Shah, E Lim, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2020-09-01

Sustained remission of Lynch syndrome-associated metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma following checkpoint inhibitor therapy-associated multiorgan autoimmunity

A Nevgi, O Klein, AS Cheung

2020-08-01

Global Coagulation Assays in Transgender Women on Oral and Transdermal Estradiol Therapy

Hui Yin Lim, Shalem Y Leemaqz, Niloufar Torkamani, Mathis Grossmann, Jeffrey D Zajac, Harshal Nandurkar, Prahlad Ho, Ada S Cheung

2020-07-01

Context The thrombotic effects of estradiol therapy in transgender women are unclear. Global coagulation assays (GCA) may be bette..

Biomechanical Leg Muscle Function during Stair Ambulation in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy

AS Cheung, HA Gray, AG Schache, R Hoermann, J Bicknell, DL Joon, JD Zajac, MG Pandy, M Grossmann, A Newman

2020-06-05

Background: The role of testosterone in maintaining functional performance in older men remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a..

Australian endocrinologists need more training in transgender health: A national survey

I Bretherton, M Grossmann, SY Leemaqz, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2020-03-01

Objective: An increasing number of trans and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are seeking gender-affirming hormone therapy for gen..

Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Amongst Individuals with Gender Dysphoria: A Systematic Review

Emily Thrower, Ingrid Bretherton, Ken C Pang, Jeffrey D Zajac, Ada S Cheung

2020-03-01

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can compromise health and may be more prevalen..

Relationships between body mass index with oral estradiol dose and serum estradiol concentration in transgender adults undergoing feminising hormone therapy

BJ Nolan, A Brownhill, I Bretherton, P Wong, S Fox, P Locke, N Russell, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2020-01-01

Aim: Feminising hormone therapy with estradiol is used to align an individual’s physical characteristics with their gender identit..

Health needs of trans and gender diverse adults in Australia: A qualitative analysis of a national community survey

S Zwickl, A Wong, I Bretherton, M Rainier, D Chetcuti, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2019-12-02

There is an increasing demand for trans and gender diverse (TGD) health services worldwide. Given the unique and diverse healthcar..

Position statement on the hormonal management of adult transgender and gender diverse individuals

Ada S Cheung, Katie Wynne, Jaco Erasmus, Sally Murray, Jeffrey D Zajac

2019-08-01

Introduction: Rising demand for gender-affirming hormone therapy mandates a need for more formalised care of transgender and gende..

Cyproterone acetate or spironolactone in lowering testosterone concentrations for transgender individuals receiving oestradiol therapy

L Angus, S Leemaqz, O Ooi, P Cundill, N Silberstein, P Locke, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2019-07-01

Background: Oestradiol with or without an anti-androgen (cyproterone acetate or spironolactone) is commonly prescribed in transfem..

Selective loss of levator ani and leg muscle volumes in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy

AS Cheung, C Cunningham, DK Ko, V Ly, H Gray, R Hoermann, BJG Strauss, EB Hassan, G Duque, P Ebeling, MG Pandy, JD Zajac, M Grossmann

2019-06-01

Objective: To determine whether the high androgen responsiveness of the levator ani muscle documented in rodents is evolutionarily..

Cross-sex hormone therapy in Australia: the prescription patterns of clinicians experienced in adult transgender healthcare

I Bretherton, E Thrower, M Grossmann, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2019-02-01

Background: Despite increasing demand for transgender healthcare, guidelines for cross-sex hormone therapy are based on low-level ..

Gender-affirming hormone therapy and the risk of sex hormone-dependent tumours in transgender individuals—A systematic review

T McFarlane, JD Zajac, AS Cheung

2018-12-01

Background: Cancers are a leading cause of death worldwide, and transgender individuals are no exception. The effects of gender-af..

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of transgender adults in Australia

AS Cheung, O Ooi, S Leemaqz, P Cundill, N Silberstein, I Bretherton, E Thrower, P Locke, M Grossmann, JD Zajac

2018-12-01

Background: Over the last 10 years, increases in demand for transgender health care has occurred worldwide. There are few data on ..